Class, Labour Migration and Globalization, 7.5 credits

Klass, arbetskraftsmigration och globalisering, 7.5 hp

742A23

Main field of study

Ethnic and Migration Studies

Course level

Second cycle

Course type

Single subject and programme course

Examiner

Branka Likic-Brboric

Course coordinator

Branka Likic-Brboric

Director of studies or equivalent

Zoran Slavnic
ECV = Elective / Compulsory / Voluntary
Course offered for Semester Weeks Language Campus ECV
F7MEM Ethnic and Migration Studies, Master´s Programme 1 (Autumn 2019) 201944-201948 English Norrköping, Norrköping C

Main field of study

Ethnic and Migration Studies

Course level

Second cycle

Advancement level

A1X

Course offered for

  • Master´s Programme in Ethnic and Migration Studies

Entry requirements

Previous studies at least up to a level corresponding to three years of study at a Swedish university, i.e. approximately equivalent to a Bachelors Degree at a British University. The applicant is required to submit one letter of recommendation (written by the applicant’s supervisor) and a 1–2 page outline of the applicant’s current research interests as these relate to the course themes. Documented knowledge of English equivalent to Engelska B/Engelska 6.

Intended learning outcomes

After completion of the course the student shall on an advanced level be able to

  • critically review theories on migration, welfare and labour regimes at global, regional and national levels;
  • link trans-national class formation with migration and segmentation of labour markets in emerging  structures of global political economy;
  • identify and demonstrate key problems and debates within the literature and current policy dilemmas at transnational and national levels;
  • describe key demographic challenges and how they are related to migration.   

Course content

The course addresses international migration, emerging labour regimes and transnational class formations in globality. Against the background of the global economic crisis and neoliberal policy responses, the course introduces contemporary problems of increasing inequalities between and within countries and the role of migration in meeting these challenges. Issues of citizenship, inclusion and exclusion within post-Fordist capitalism are linked to central concepts such as race, racialization, ethnicity and gender. This includes addressing the issue of unequal migration, informalization of the economy, precarization of working life marked by ethnic, racial and gender segmentation of labour force, as well as transnational class formation. Focus will be set on analyzing and problematizing new class formations and interrogate the effects of austerity measures on the vulnerable workers.

The course will also address the demographic challenges and the question on how migration regimes interact with welfare and gender regimes around issues of global production chains, distribution, recognition and representation. The concepts such as global value chains are related to migrant workers and circular migration to the labour shortages of “ageing Europe” and upcoming deficits in service and care sectors.

Teaching and working methods

The coruse offers a combination of lectures, seminars, individual assignments and groupassignments. Students are expected to be well prepared for lectures and to have completed assigned preparations for seminars. Language of instruction: English

Examination

The course is examined through seminar participation and written assignments. Detailed information about the examination can be found in the course’s study guide.

Students failing an exam covering either the entire course or part of the course twice are entitled to have a new examiner appointed for the reexamination.

Students who have passed an examination may not retake it in order to improve their grades.

Grades

ECTS, EC

Other information

Planning and implementation of a course must take its starting point in the wording of the syllabus. The course evaluation included in each course must therefore take up the question how well the course agrees with the syllabus. 

The course is carried out in such a way that both men´s and women´s experience and knowledge is made visible and developed.

Department

Institutionen för samhälls- och välfärdsstudier
Code Name Scope Grading scale
EXAM Examination Paper 4.5 credits EC
GRU1 Group Assignment 1.5 credits EC
IND1 Individual Assignment 1.5 credits EC
Required readings Agamben, Giorgio Means Without End: Notes on Politics. Trans. Vincenzo Binetti & Cesare Casarino. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, pp. 1-68. Anderson, B. (2015). Precarious Work, Immigration and Governance. I C.-U. Schierup, R. Munck, B. Likic-Brboric, & A. Neergaard (Red.), Migration, Precarity, and Global Governance: Challenges and Opportunities for Labour. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Baey, G. and Yeoh, A. S. Branda (2018) ‘‘The lottery of my life’’: Migration trajectories and the production of precarity among Bangladeshi migrant workers in Singapore’s construction industry, Asian and Pacific Migration Journal, Vol. 27(3) pp. 249–272. Balibar, Etienne and Immanuel Wallerstein (1991) Race, Nation, Class: Ambiguous Identities, London: Verso, pp. 15-67 (Part I). Bonacich, E., Alimahomed, S. & Wilson, J. B. (2008) ‘The Racialization of Global Labor,’ American Behavioral Scientist 52: 3). Brass, T. (2011). Unfree labour as primitive accumulation? Capital & Class, 35(1), 23–38. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309816810392969 Brownlee, P. (2016) ‘Global Capital's Lieutenants: Australia's Skilled Migrant Intake and the Rise of Global Value Chain Production’ Journal of Australian Political Economy, No. 77, Winter 2016. Buckley, K 2013, 'Global Civil Society: The Dialectics of Concept and Reality' Globalizations, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 231-244. DOI: 10.1080/14747731.2013.786231 Burawoy, M. (1976). The functions and reproduction of migrant labor: comparative material from Southern Africa and the United States. American journal of Sociology, 1050-1087. Castles S. (2015) 'Migration, Precarious Work, and Rights: Historical and Current Perspectives'. In Schierup, Carl-Ulrik, et al. (eds.) Migration, Precarity and Global Governance. Oxford: Oxford University Press: 46-67. (23 p) Castles, S. (2011). ‘Migration, Crisis, and the Global Labour Market,’ Globalizations, 8(3): 311-324. Castles, S. (2015). Migration, Precarious Work and Rights: Historical and Current Perspectives. I C.-U. Schierup, R. Munck, B. Likic-Brboric, & A. Neergaard (Red.), Migration, Precarity, and Global Governance: Challenges and Opportunities for Labour. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Celebrating the Enduring Contribution of Birds of Passage, ILR Review, 69(3), May 2016, pp. 774–782. Ciupijus, Z. (2011) ‘Mobile central eastern Europeans in Britain: successful European Union citizens and disadvantaged labour migrants?’. Work, Employment and Society, 25 (3): 540-550. Deshingkar, P., Abrar, C. R., Sultana, T. M., Haque, H. N. K., and Reza, M. S. (2018) Producing ideal Bangladeshi migrants for precarious construction work in Qatar, Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, DOI: 10.1080/1369183X.2018.1528104 Dumitru, S. (2014) From ‘brain drain’ to ‘care drain’: Women’s labor migration and methodological sexism, Women’s Studies International Forum, 47, 203-212. Eriksson, Madeleine, and Tollefsen, Aina (2015) ‘New figurations of labour in global circuits: migrant workers in the forest berry industry in Norrland, Sweden’, in Thidermann, Nielsen,(ed) Remapping gender, place and mobility: global confluences and local particularities in Nordic peripheries. Ashgate, Dorchester. Fitzgerald, I. (2006) Organising Migrant Workers in Construction: Experience from the North East of England, joint UCATT project funded by the TUC. Available at: http://www.nerip.com/Reports_Briefing.aspx?id=198 Fudge, J. (2012) ‘The Precarious Migrant Status and Precarious Employment’, Comparative Labor Law and Policy Journal, 34 (1). Genelyte, I. (2016) ‘Policy Response to Emigration from the Baltics: Confronting ‘the European Elephant in the Room’’. In Dolvik, Jon Erik and Eldring, Line (eds.) Labour Mobility in the Enlarged Single European Market. Comparative Social Research, Volume 32. Emerald: 45-72. Gordon, Jennifer (2007) ‘Transnational Labor Citizenship’, S. California Labor Review 80 503. Grosfoguel, R. L. Oso & A. Christou (2015): ‘‘Racism’, intersectionality and migration studies: framing some theoretical reflections’, Identities: Global Studies in Culture and Power, 22(6), 635-65 Grugel, J. and N. Piper, ‘Global governance, economic migration and the difficulties of social activism’, International Sociology 26(4) 435–454 Hepworth, K. (2012) ‘Abject citizens: Italian “Nomad Emergencies” and the deportability of Romanian Roma’, Citizenship Studies, 16:3-4, 431-449. Hochschild, A. (2000) Global care chains and emotional surplus value, in W. Hutton & A. Giddens (eds.) Living on the Edge: Living with Global Capitalism, London: Jonathan Cape. (available on Lisam). Hyland, Mary (2015) ‘Trade Unions and Labour Migration. A Case for New Organizational Approaches’ in Carl-Ulrik Schierup et al. (eds), Migration, Precarity and Global Governance. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Igarashi, S. (2011) ‘The New Regional Order and Transnational Civil Society in Southeast Asia: Focusing on Alternative Regionalism from below in the Process of Building the ASEAN Community’, World Political Science Review 7 (1), 1-31. Klusener, S., Stankuniene, V., Grigoriev, P. and Jasilionis, D. (2015) ‘The Mass Emigration Context from Lithuania: Patterns and Policy Options’. International Migration 53 (5). 179-193. Krause, M. (2008) ‘Undocumented Migrants. An Arendtian Perspective’, European Journal of Political Theory, Vol. 7, No. 3: 331–348. LeBaron, G. (2015). Unfree Labour Beyond Binaries. International Feminist Journal of Politics, 17(1), 1–19. Lewis, H., Dwyer, p. Hodkinson, S. (2015) Hyper-precarious lives Migrants, work and forced labour in the Global North, Progress in Human Geography, Vol. 39(5) pp. 580–600. Likic-Brboric, B. and C.-U. Schierup (2015) ‘Labour Rights as Human Rights? Trajectories in the Global Governance of Migration’, Schierup, C-U, Munck, R. Likic-Brboric, B and Neergaard, A. (eds) Migration, Precarity & Global Governance. Challenges and Opportunities for Labour. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 223-245. Likic-Brboric, B., Z. Slavnic and C. Woolfson (2013). ‘Labour migration and informalisation: East meets West.’ International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 33(11/12): 677-692. Likić-Brborić B. (2018) “Global migration governance, civil society and the paradoxes of sustainability,” Globalizations, Vol.15, No. 6. DOI: 10.1080/14747731.2018.1503841 Marx. K. and Engels, F. (1848) Manifesto of the Communist Party, https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/download/pdf/Manifesto.pdf McCollum, D., Shubin, S., Apsite, E. and Krisjane, Z. (2013) ‘Rethinking Labour Migration Channels: the Experience of Latvia from EU Accession to Economic Recession’. Population, Space and Place, 19: 688-702. Mckay, D. (2007) ‘Sending Dollars Shows Feelings’-Emotions and Economies in Filipino Migration, Mobilities, 2:2: 175-194. Mesic N. and C. Woolfson, (2015) ‘Roma berry-pickers in Sweden: Economic crisis and new contingents of the austeriat’, Transfer: European Review of Labour and Research, 21(1): 37-50. Mesic, N. (2015) ‘Paradoxes of “free movement”: The role of social movement actors in framing the plight of Roma berry pickers in Sweden, International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 36 (5) (2016) Neergaard, A., & Woolfson, C. (2016). Sweden: A model in dissolution? I S. Marino, J. Roosblad, & R. Penninx (Red.), Trade Unions, Immigration and Immigrants in Europe in the 21th Century: New Approaches under Changed Conditions. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar-ILO. Overbeek, H. (2002) ‘Neoliberalism and the Regulation of Global Labor Mobility’, The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, No. 581, pp. 74-90. Overbeek, H. (2004) ‘Transnational class formation and concepts of control: towards a genealogy of the Amsterdam Project in international political economy’, Journal of International Relations and Development 7, 113–141 (29) (1 July 2004) | doi:10.1057/palgrave.jird.1800011. Piper, N.; Rother, S. (2011) ‘Transnational Inequalities, Transnational Responses: The Politicization of Migrant Rights in Asia’, in B. Rehbein (Ed), Globalization and Inequality in Emerging Societies, New York, Palgrave Macmillan: 235–255. Polzer, Tara and Jinnah, Zaheera (2014), Migrants and Mobilisation around Socio-Economic Rights, in M. Langford, B. Cousins, J. Dugard and T. Madlingozi (Eds.) Socio-Economic Rights in South Africa: Symbol or Substance? New York: Cambridge University Press Polzer, Tara, and Aurelia Segatti (2012), `From defending migrant rights to new political subjectivities: Gauteng migrants' organisations after May zoo8', in Loren B. Landau (ed.), Exorcising the demon within: Xenophobia, violence, and statecraft in contemporary South Africa. Johannesburg: Wits Press. Rother, S. (2013a) 'A tale of two tactics: Civil Society and Competing Visions of Global Migration Governance from Below', in Geiger, M. and Pécoud, A. (eds.) Disciplining the Transnational Mobility of People, Houndmills: Macmillan Schierup C.-U. and Bak Jørgensen M. (2016) 'From ‘Social Exclusion’ to ‘Precarity’. The Becoming-migrant of Labour. An Introduction (draft)'. In: Politics of Precarity: Migrant conditions, struggles and experiences. Leiden: Brill: 1-20. (20 p) Schierup C.-U., Krifors K. and Slavnić Z. (2015) 'Social Exclusion: Migration and Social Vulnerability'. In Dahlstedt, Magnus and Anders Neergaard (eds.) International Migration and Ethnic Relations. Abingdon & New York: Routledge: 200-26. (26 p) Schierup et al. (2016) ‘Introduction: Migration, Precarity, and Global Governance: Challenges and Opportunities for Labour’, Schierup, et al. eds Migration, Precarity and Global Governance. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 1-21. Schierup, Carl-Ulrik and Martin Bak Jørgensen (eds. 2016) Politics of Precarity: Migrant conditions, struggles and experiences, Leiden: Brill Publishers (E-book/LiU library) (Chapter 2, 3, 4). Schierup, Carl-Ulrik, Munck, Ronaldo, Likic-Brboric, Branka and Neergard, Anders eds (2016) Migration, Precarity and Global Governance. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Schierup, Carl-Ulrik. (2016), Under the Rainbow: Migration, Precarity and People Power in Post-Apartheid South Africa, Critical Sociology, 1 – 18. Schierup, C-U., B. Likic-Brboric, R. Delgado Wise, G. Toksöz (2018) “Migration, civil society and global governance: an introduction to the special issue” Globalizations, Special Issue Migration, Civil Society and Global Governance, Vol. 15, No. 6. Scholte, J. A. (2004) Civil Society and Democratically Accountable Global Governance, Government and Opposition, Volume 39, Issue 2, Spring 2004, Pages 211–233. Schwenken, H. (2011) An ILO Convention for Domestic Workers: Contextualizing the Debate. In: International Feminist Journal of Politics, 13. H. 3 (Conversations section Hg. mit Elisabeth Prügl). Schwenken, H. (2014) ‘We want to be the protagonists of our own stories!‘ A participatory research manual on how domestic workers and researchers can jointly conduct research’ (gem. mit S. Azzarello, J. Fish, S. Günther, LM Heimeshoff, C. Hobden, M. Kirchhoff). Kassel. Kassel University Press 2014 (free download). Scully B. (2016) 'Precarity North and South: A Southern Critique of Guy Standing'. Global Labour Journal, 7(2): 160-73. (13 p) Slavnic, Z. (2010) ‘Political economy of informalization’, European Societies, 12(1): 3-23. Slavnic, Z. (2015). ‘Taxi drivers: ethnic segmentation, precarious work, and informal economic strategies in the Swedish taxi industry.’ Journal of Business Anthropology 4(2). Slavnic, Z. (2016) ‘The Informal Economy and the State’, in S. Routh and V. Borghi (eds.), Workers and the Global Informal Economy: Interdisciplinary Perspectives. London and NY, Routledge. Standing G. (2011) The Precariat. The New Dangerous Class. London: Bloomsbury Academic (E-book, LiU Library) Standing G. (2015) 'From Denizens to citizens: Forging a precariat charter'. In Schierup, Carl-Ulrik, et al. (eds.) Migration, Precarity and Global Governance. Oxford: Oxford University Press: 83-100. (17 p) Struna, J. (2013) ‘Global Capitalism and Transnational Class Formation’, Globalizations, 10:5, 651-657. van Hear, N. (2014) ‘Reconsidering Migration and Class’ International Migration Review, Volume 48 Number 1 (Fall 2014): 100–121. Waite L. (2008) 'A Place and Space for a Critical Geography of Precarity?'. Geography Compass, 3(1): 412-33 (21). Weber, A., B. Musiolek and S. Maher (2015), ‘False Promises and Movements of Contestation in the Global Garment Industry’ Schierup, C-U, Munck, R. Likic-Brboric, B and Neergaard, A. (eds) Migration, Precarity & Global Governance. Challenges and Opportunities for Labour. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 245-260. Woolfson, C. Herzfeld Olsson, P., and Thörnqvist, C. (2012) ‘Forced Labour and Migrant Berry Pickers in Sweden’, International Journal of Comparative Labour Law and Industrial Relations 28(2): 147-176. Wright, Erik Olin. ‘How to be an anti-capitalist for the 21st century’, Journal of Australian Political Economy, No. 77, Winter 2016: 5-22 Zou, M. (2015) The Legal Construction of Hyper-Dependence and Hyper-Precarity in Migrant Work Relations, International Journal of Comparative Labour Law and Industrial Relations, Vol 31 (2), pp.141-162, 2015. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2747823 Ålund,A. & C-A. Schierup (2018): Making or unmaking a movement? Challenges for civic activism in the global governance of migration, Globalizations, Volume 15,Issue 6 https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14747731.2018.1446599. Recommended readings African Centre for Migration & Society. (2014) MiWORC Policy Brief No.2 Migration and employment in South Africa. Statistical and econometric analyses of internal and international migrants in Statistics South Africa's labour market data. Johannesburg: African Centre for Migration & Society, University of the Witwatersrand. Babar, Z., Ewers, M. and Khattab, N. (2018) Im/mobile highly skilled migrants in Qatar, Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, DOI: 10.1080/1369183X.2018.1492372 Bakker, Isabella (2007) ‘Social Reproduction and the Constitution of a Gendered Political Economy,’ New Political Economy 12 (4). Bales, K. and Mayblin, L. (2018) Unfree labour in immigration detention: exploitation and coercion of a captive immigrant workforce, Economy and Society, Vol. 47(2), pp. 191-213. Bexell, M., Jonas Tallberg and Anders Uhlin (2010) 'Democracy in Global Governance: The Promises and Pitfalls of Transnational Actors', Global Governance, 17: 81-101 Connelly, Roxanne, Vernon Gayle, and Paul S. Lambert (2016) A Review of occupation-based social classifications for social survey research, Methodological Innovations 9: 1-14. Crush, J. (1984). Uneven labour migration in southern Africa: conceptions and misconceptions. South African Geographical Journal, 66(2), 115-132. Engblom, S. (2011) ‘Labour migration, trade in services, equal treatment, and the role of the EU’, Karlsson, J. O. and Pelling L. (eds), Moving Beyond Demographic, Perspectives for a Common European Migration Policy, Stockholm: Global Utmaning. Download: http://en.globalutmaning.se/?p=2744 Eriksson, Madeleine, and Tollefsen, Aina (2013) ’Of Berries and Seasonal Work': The Swedish Berry Industry and the Disciplining of Labour Migration from Thailand’, in Geiger, Martin and Pecoud, Antoine, (eds) Disciplining the Transnational Mobility of People. Palgrave, Macmillan, New York. Fine, J. (2014). Migration and Migrant Workers in the Post-Apartheid Era. Global Labour Journal, 5(3). Gardner, A., Pessoa, S. Diop, A., Kaltham Al-Ghanim, K., Le Trung, K. and Harkness, L. (2013) A Portrait of Low-Income Migrants in Contemporary Qatar, Journal of Arabian Studies, Vol. 3(1), pp. 1-17. Grugel, J. and A. Uhlin (2012) 'Renewing Global Governance: Demanding Rights and Justice in the Global South', Third World Quarterly, 33 (9): 1703-18 Harvey D. (2004) 'The new 'imperialism': Accumulation by dispossession'. Socialist Register, 40(63-87. (24 p). Hedberg, Charlotta (2013),‘”Grapes of wrath”? Power spatialities and aspects of labour in the wild Berry global commodity chain’. Competition and Change 17(1): 57-74. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03736245.1984.10559694 ILO (2010) International Labour Migration. A Rights-Based Approach, Geneva: ILO. Jinnah, Zaheera (2013). New households, new rules? Examining the impact of migration on Somali family life in Johannesburg. QScience Proceedings, (2013), 7. Jinnah, Zaheera, and Rio Holaday (2009), `Migrant mobilisation: Structure and strategies in claiming rights in South Africa and Nairobi', research report, Forced Migration Studies Programme, Johannesburg. Milanovic, B. (2016) Global Inequality. A New Approach for the Age of Globalization, Harvard: Harvard University Press, available as an e-book via Liu Library. Mohammad, R. and Sidaway, J. D. (2016) Shards and Stages: Migrant Lives, Power, and Space Viewed from Doha, Qatar, Annals of the American Association of Geographers, Vol. 106(6), pp. 1397-1417 Morokvasic, Mirjana (1984) ‘Birds of Passage are also Women...’ International Migration Review, Vol. 18, No. 4, Special Issue: Women in Migration (Winter), pp. 886-907. Mulinari, D., & Neergaard, A. (2005) ‘A “‘black skull”’ consciousness. Narratives of the new Swedish working class’, Race & Class, 46(3), 55-71. OECD (2008) A Profile of Immigrant Populations in the 21st Century. Paris: OECD Publishers. Only Chapters: 5 (“Labour Market Outcomes of Immigrants”), 6 (“Occupations of Immigrant Workers”), 7 (“Sectors of Activity of Immigrant Workers”). Orbeta, A., Jr.; Gonzales, K. (2013) ‘Managing International Labor Migration in ASEAN: Themes from a Six-Country Study’, Philippine Institute for Development Studies, PIDS Discussion Paper Series, 2013-26. Piore. Michael J. (1980) Birds of Passage, Migrant Labor and Industrial Societies, Cambridge University Press (http://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/economics/international-economics/birds-passage-migrant-labor-and-industrial-societies#contentsTabAnchor). Polanyi, Karl (2001 [1944]) The Great Transformation: The Political and Economic Origins of Our Time, Boston (MA): Beacon Press. Scharfenort, N. (2012) Urban Development and Social Change in Qatar: The Qatar National Vision 2030 and the 2022 FIFA World Cup, Journal of Arabian Studies, 2:2, 209-230, Schierup, C-U., Ålund, A. and Likic-Brboric (2014) ‘Migration, Precarization and the Democratic Deficit in Global Governance’, International Migration, pp. 1-15. Seshan, G. (2012) Migrants in Qatar: A Socio-Economic Profile, Journal of Arabian Studies, Vol. 2(2), pp. 157-171. Siddiqui, T. (2017) Untold Stories of Migrants Dreams and Realities, Refugee and Migratory Movements Research Unit (RMMRU), Dhaka. Available at: http://mfasia.org/migrantforumasia/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/Dreams-and-Realities-Untold-stories-of-migrants.pdf Standing G. (2011) The Precariat. The New Dangerous Class. London: Bloomsbury Academic (E-book, LiU Library) Tigno, Jorge V. (2009): ‘Out of Many, One? East Asian Labor Migration, States, and Regional Cooperation’, in: Jorge V. Tigno (Hg.): Changing Dynamics in Filipino Overseas Migration: Nationalism, Transnationalism, Regionalism and the State. Quezon City: Philippine Migration Research Network and Philippine Social Science Council Publishing, 17–48. Toksöz, G., & Akpinar, T. (2009) ‘An Historical Employer Strategy: Dividing Labour on the Basis of Ethnicity - Case of the Construction Sector in Turkey.’ In A. Neergaard (Ed.), European Perspectives on Exclusion and Subordination: The Political Economy of Migration Maastricht Shaker Publishing BV. Trimikliniotis, N., Gordon, S., & Zondo, B. (2008) ‘Globalisation and Migrant Labour in a “'Rainbow Nation”': a fortress South Africa?’ Third World Quarterly, 29(7), 1323-1339 van der Pijl, Kees (1998) Transnational Classes and International Relations, London: Routledge, 190 p. (https://libcom.org/files/van%20der%20pijl-transnational%20classes%20and%20IR.pdf) Vanaspong, Chitraporn (2012) A Case Study of Thai migrant workers exploited in Sweden. Manila: ILO. Virdee, S. and Grint, K. (1994) ‘Black Self-organization in Trade Unions’. Sociological Review, 42, 202-226. Wolpe, H. (1972). Capitalism and cheap labour-power in South Africa: from segregation to apartheid 1. Economy and society, 1(4), 425-456. Woolfson C. & B. Likic-Brboric (2008) “Migrants and the unequal burdening of “toxic” risk: Towards a new governance regime”, Debatte: Journal of Contemporary Central and Eastern Europe, Vol.16. No. 3, pp. 291-308. Wright, Erik Olin (1989) Inequality, in Eatwell, John, Milgate, Murray, Newman, Peter (Eds.) Social Economics. London: Palgrave Macmillan, pp.156-164.

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