Medical Images, 6 credits

Medicinska bilder, 6 hp

TSBB31

Main field of study

Electrical Engineering

Course level

First cycle

Course type

Programme course

Examiner

Maria Magnusson

Director of studies or equivalent

Lasse Alfredsson

Education components

Preliminary scheduled hours: 69 h
Recommended self-study hours: 91 h
ECV = Elective / Compulsory / Voluntary
Course offered for Semester Period Timetable module Language Campus ECV
6CMED Biomedical Engineering, Master of Science in Engineering 5 (Autumn 2023) 1 1 Swedish Linköping, Valla C

Main field of study

Electrical Engineering

Course level

First cycle

Advancement level

G2X

Course offered for

  • Master of Science in Biomedical Engineering

Prerequisites

Continuous 1-D Fourier transform and its theorem for scaling, translation, derivation, convolution and multiplication. Basic knowledge of Matlab programming. Linear algebra: vector, matrix, determinant and scalar product. One- and multidimensional calculus.

Intended learning outcomes

After completing the course, the student will be able to:

  • Describe the generalization from 1-D to 2-D continuous Fourier transform and related theorems, such as scaling, translation, derivation, convolution and multiplication.
  • Explain the following concepts in 1-D and 2-D: sampling and reconstruction, DFT, the sampling theorem and aliasing, resampling and interpolation.
  • Interpret the results of a 2-D Fourier transform of an image, such as understanding what a spatial frequency means. Describe simple convolution kernels and filters that perform differentiation, low-pass and high-pass filtering.
  • Know of the most common types of medical images, what they show, their underlying physics and technique: ultrasound, x-ray, CT, MRI, gamma-camera, SPECT, PET.
  • Have a deeper understanding the above techniques, with focus on signal- and image processing.

     

Course content

The course consists of two parts. The first part provides fundamental knowledge about 2D signal processing on images. In the second part, these skills are used in the study of various medical imaging techniques. The course aims to give a deeper understanding of ultrasound, CT, MRI, SPECT and PET, with focus on signal- and image processing.

  • The digital image: pixels/size/zoom, storage and quantization, grayscale/color, real/complex. Histogram and gray-scale transformations. Color Tables: grayscale, RGB true, pseudo.
  • Repetition of 1-D Fourier transform. From 1-D to 2-D Fourier transform. Theorems for 1-D and 2-D Fourier transform, such as scaling, translation, derivation, convolution and multiplication. Theorems for the 2-D Fourier transform such as the rotation and projection theorem. Looking at images and their Fourier transforms and relating them to the theorems.
  • The Dirac impulse. Sampling and reconstruction. Effects on the image during aliasing in the spatial or Fourier domain.
  • 1-D and 2-D DFT and FFT. Discrete 1-D and 2-D convolution. Convolution kernels/filters in the spatial and Fourier domain: low-pass (gauss), high-pass (Laplace), derivative (Sobel). Edge detection using the magnitude of the gradient.
  • Resampling and interpolation, especially up- and down-sampling. Ideal up-sampling by zero-padding.
  • Some simple image analysis tools: threshholding, erosion, labelling.
  • Important measurements on images such as: contrast, MTF, resolution, SNR.
  • Ultrasound.
  • Briefly on different imaging techniques: digital radiography, angiography, fluoroscopy, mammography.
  • Briefly on the physics for plain radiography and CT: X-ray spectrum, physical interactions such as photoelectric effect, Compton and Rayleigh radiation, noise. The idea is to show how the physics influence the image quality.
  • CT: the projection theorem, 2-D reconstruction using the direct Fourier method, 2-D reconstruction using filtered back projection, parallel beam and fanbeam, rebinning, briefly on 3-D reconstruction.
  • PET and SPECT. CT-PET and CT-SPECT.
  • Carefully about MRI basics. Overview of some MRI-variants, fMRI, EPI, diffusion.


The computer exercises:

  • 1) The digital image: pixels/size/zoom, quantization and storage, grayscale/color, real/complex. Histogram and grayscale transformations. Color tables: grayscale, RGB true, pseudo. 2-D Fourier transform of the images: appearance, properties. Simple convolution kernels in the spatial domain. Linear filters in the Fourier domain.
  • 2) Resampling and interpolation. Effects of sampling in the spatial and Fourier domain. Extra exercise on dowsampling and aliasing.
  • 3) CT reconstruction: How do you do a CT image?
  • 4) Basic MRI. Design of pulse sequences.
  • 5) How do you do an ultrasound image? Rf-signal => envelope detection => downsampling => histogram transformation => scan conversion (resampling) => ultrasound image
  • 6) Measurement of noise. Some simple image analysis methods. Preparation for computer exercise 7.
  • 7) Measurements on SPECT/CT-volumes. Example volumes form healthy and COPD patients.


Study visit: The course includes a study visit to CMIV, where we will look at a CT-scanner and an MRI-camera. We will also listen to a lecture about how medical images are used today at the University Hospital in Linköping. If necessary, the study visit can be virtual and / or via zoom.

 

Teaching and working methods

The course consists of lectures, tutorials and laboratory sessions based on Matlab.

Examination

LAB1Laboratory work2 creditsU, G
TEN1Written examination4 creditsU, 3, 4, 5

Grades

Four-grade scale, LiU, U, 3, 4, 5

Other information

Admission courses: Courses within the image profile.

About teaching and examination language

The teaching language is presented in the Overview tab for each course. The examination language relates to the teaching language as follows: 

  • If teaching language is “Swedish”, the course as a whole could be given in Swedish, or partly in English. Examination language is Swedish, but parts of the examination can be in English.
  • If teaching language is “English”, the course as a whole is taught in English. Examination language is English.
  • If teaching language is “Swedish/English”, the course as a whole will be taught in English if students without prior knowledge of the Swedish language participate. Examination language is Swedish or English depending on teaching language.

Other

The course is conducted in a manner where both men's and women's experience and knowledge are made visible and developed. 

The planning and implementation of a course should correspond to the course syllabus. The course evaluation should therefore be conducted with the course syllabus as a starting point. 

The course is campus-based at the location specified for the course, unless otherwise stated under “Teaching and working methods”. Please note, in a campus-based course occasional remote sessions could be included.  

If special circumstances prevail, the vice-chancellor may in a special decision specify the preconditions for temporary deviations from this course syllabus, and delegate the right to take such decisions.

Department

Institutionen för systemteknik

Course literature

Books

  • Prince, J.L., Links, J.M., (2008) Medical Imaging: Signals and Systems (Prince, J.L. and Links, J.M.; 2006) [Book Review]

Articles

Compendia

  • Maria Magnusson, Grundläggande 1D och 2D signalbehandling för Bilder
    (in Swedish)

Other

  • Diverse material

    *) Lecture slides.

    *) Lesson material.

    *) Laboratory exercise material.

    *) Formula collection.

    *) Short extract from the PhD-thesis by Maria Magnusson.

    *) Short extract from the PhD-thesis by Henrik Turbells.

    *) Parts from the Master Thesis by Oscar Grandell.

    *) Short on Poisson noise by Theo Fuchs.

    *) Parts from the TBMI02 Compendium: "MRI, fMRI, Image Registration, Image Segmentation".

    All material above are in pdf-format and are available from the course home page.

Code Name Scope Grading scale
LAB1 Laboratory work 2 credits U, G
TEN1 Written examination 4 credits U, 3, 4, 5

Course syllabus

A syllabus must be established for each course. The syllabus specifies the aim and contents of the course, and the prior knowledge that a student must have in order to be able to benefit from the course.

Timetabling

Courses are timetabled after a decision has been made for this course concerning its assignment to a timetable module. 

Interruption in and deregistration from a course

The LiU decision, Guidelines concerning confirmation of participation in education (Dnr LiU-2020-02256), states that interruptions in study are to be recorded in Ladok. Thus, all students who do not participate in a course for which they have registered must record the interruption, such that the registration on the course can be removed. Deregistration from or interrupting a course is carried out using a web-based form Forms

Cancelled courses and changes to the course syllabus

Courses with few participants (fewer than 10) may be cancelled or organised in a manner that differs from that stated in the course syllabus. The Dean is to deliberate and decide whether a course is to be cancelled or changed from the course syllabus. 

Guidelines relating to examinations and examiners 

For details, see Guidelines for education and examination for first-cycle and second-cycle education at Linköping University, Dnr LiU-2020-04501  (http://styrdokument.liu.se/Regelsamling/VisaBeslut/917592).

An examiner must be employed as a teacher at LiU according to the LiU Regulations for Appointments, Dnr LiU-2021-01204 (https://styrdokument.liu.se/Regelsamling/VisaBeslut/622784). For courses in second-cycle, the following teachers can be appointed as examiner: Professor (including Adjunct and Visiting Professor), Associate Professor (including Adjunct), Senior Lecturer (including Adjunct and Visiting Senior Lecturer), Research Fellow, or Postdoc. For courses in first-cycle, Assistant Lecturer (including Adjunct and Visiting Assistant Lecturer) can also be appointed as examiner in addition to those listed for second-cycle courses. In exceptional cases, a Part-time Lecturer can also be appointed as an examiner at both first- and second cycle, see Delegation of authority for the Board of Faculty of Science and Engineering.

Forms of examination

Principles for examination

Written and oral examinations and digital and computer-based examinations are held at least three times a year: once immediately after the end of the course, once in August, and once (usually) in one of the re-examination periods. Examinations held at other times are to follow a decision of the faculty programme board.

Principles for examination scheduling for courses that follow the study periods:

  • courses given in VT1 are examined for the first time in March, with re-examination in June and August
  • courses given in VT2 are examined for the first time in May, with re-examination in August and January
  • courses given in HT1 are examined for the first time in October, with re-examination in January and August
  • courses given in HT2 are examined for the first time in January, with re-examination in March and in August.

The examination schedule is based on the structure of timetable modules, but there may be deviations from this, mainly in the case of courses that are studied and examined for several programmes and in lower grades (i.e. 1 and 2). 

Examinations for courses that the faculty programme board has decided are to be held in alternate years are held three times during the school year in which the course is given according to the principles stated above.

Examinations for courses that are cancelled or rescheduled such that they are not given in one or several years are held three times during the year that immediately follows the course, with examination scheduling that corresponds to the scheduling that was in force before the course was cancelled or rescheduled.

When a course, or a written examination (TEN, DIT, DAT), is given for the last time, the regular examination and two re-examinations will be offered. Thereafter, examinations are phased out by offering three examinations during the following academic year at the same times as the examinations in any substitute course. If there is no substitute course, three examinations will be offered during re-examination periods during the following academic year. Other examination times are decided by the faculty programme board. In all cases above, the examination is also offered one more time during the academic year after the following, unless the faculty programme board decides otherwise. In total, 6 re-examinations are offered, of which 2 are regular re-examinations. In the examination registration system, the examinations given for the penultimate time and the last time are denoted. 

If a course is given during several periods of the year (for programmes, or on different occasions for different programmes) the faculty programme board or boards determine together the scheduling and frequency of re-examination occasions.

Retakes of other forms of examination

Regulations concerning retakes of other forms of examination than written examinations and digital and computer-based examinations are given in the LiU guidelines for examinations and examiners, http://styrdokument.liu.se/Regelsamling/VisaBeslut/917592.

Course closure

For Decision on Routines for Administration of the Discontinuation of Educational Programs, Freestanding Courses and Courses in Programs, see DNR LiU-2021-04782. After a decision on closure and after the end of the discontinuation period, the students are referred to a replacement course (or similar) according to information in the course syllabus or programme syllabus. If a student has passed some part/parts of a closed program course but not all, and there is an at least partially replacing course, an assessment of crediting can be made. Any crediting of course components is made by the examiner.

Registration for examination

In order to take an written, digital or computer-based examination, registration in advance is mandatory, see decision in the university’s rule book https://styrdokument.liu.se/Regelsamling/VisaBeslut/622682. An unregistered student can thus not be offered a place. The registration is done at the Student Portal or in the LiU-app during the registration period. The registration period opens 30 days before the date of the examination and closes 10 days before the date of the examination. Candidates are informed of the location of the examination by email, four days in advance. 

Code of conduct for students during examinations

Details are given in a decision in the university’s rule book: http://styrdokument.liu.se/Regelsamling/VisaBeslut/622682.

Retakes for higher grade

Students at the Institute of Technology at LiU have the right to retake written examinations and digital and computer-based examinations in an attempt to achieve a higher grade. This is valid for all examination components with code “TEN”, “DIT” and "DAT". The same right may not be exercised for other examination components, unless otherwise specified in the course syllabus.

A retake is not possible on courses that are included in an issued degree diploma. 

Grades

The grades that are preferably to be used are Fail (U), Pass (3), Pass not without distinction (4) and Pass with distinction (5). 

  • Grades U, 3, 4, 5 are to be awarded for courses that have written or digital examinations.
  • Grades Fail (U) and Pass (G) may be awarded for courses with a large degree of practical components such as laboratory work, project work and group work.
  • Grades Fail (U) and Pass (G) are to be used for degree projects and other independent work.

Examination components

The following examination components and associated module codes are used at the Faculty of Science and Engineering:

  • Grades U, 3, 4, 5 are to be awarded for written examinations (TEN) and digital examinations (DIT).
  • Examination components for which the grades Fail (U) and Pass (G) may be awarded are laboratory work (LAB), project work (PRA), preparatory written examination (KTR), digital preparatory written examination (DIK), oral examination (MUN), computer-based examination (DAT), home assignment (HEM), and assignment (UPG).
  • Students receive grades either Fail (U) or Pass (G) for other examination components in which the examination criteria are satisfied principally through active attendance such as tutorial group (BAS) or examination item (MOM).
  • Grades Fail (U) and Pass (G) are to be used for the examination components Opposition (OPPO) and Attendance at thesis presentation (AUSK) (i.e. part of the degree project).

In general, the following applies:

  • Mandatory course components must be scored and given a module code.
  • Examination components that are not scored, cannot be mandatory. Hence, it is voluntary to participate in these examinations, and the voluntariness must be clearly stated. Additionally, if there are any associated conditions to the examination component, these must be clearly stated as well.
  • For courses with more than one examination component with grades U,3,4,5, it shall be clearly stated how the final grade is weighted.

For mandatory components, the following applies (in accordance with the LiU Guidelines for education and examination for first-cycle and second-cycle education at Linköping University, http://styrdokument.liu.se/Regelsamling/VisaBeslut/917592): 

  • If special circumstances prevail, and if it is possible with consideration of the nature of the compulsory component, the examiner may decide to replace the compulsory component with another equivalent component.

For possibilities to alternative forms of examinations, the following applies (in accordance with the LiU Guidelines for education and examination for first-cycle and second-cycle education at Linköping University, http://styrdokument.liu.se/Regelsamling/VisaBeslut/917592): 

  • If the LiU coordinator for students with disabilities has granted a student the right to an adapted examination for a written examination in an examination hall, the student has the right to it.
  • If the coordinator has recommended for the student an adapted examination or alternative form of examination, the examiner may grant this if the examiner assesses that it is possible, based on consideration of the course objectives.
  • An examiner may also decide that an adapted examination or alternative form of examination if the examiner assessed that special circumstances prevail, and the examiner assesses that it is possible while maintaing the objectives of the course.

Reporting of examination results

The examination results for a student are reported at the relevant department.

Plagiarism

For examinations that involve the writing of reports, in cases in which it can be assumed that the student has had access to other sources (such as during project work, writing essays, etc.), the material submitted must be prepared in accordance with principles for acceptable practice when referring to sources (references or quotations for which the source is specified) when the text, images, ideas, data, etc. of other people are used. It is also to be made clear whether the author has reused his or her own text, images, ideas, data, etc. from previous examinations, such as degree projects, project reports, etc. (this is sometimes known as “self-plagiarism”).

A failure to specify such sources may be regarded as attempted deception during examination.

Attempts to cheat

In the event of a suspected attempt by a student to cheat during an examination, or when study performance is to be assessed as specified in Chapter 10 of the Higher Education Ordinance, the examiner is to report this to the disciplinary board of the university. Possible consequences for the student are suspension from study and a formal warning. More information is available at Cheating, deception and plagiarism 

Regulations (apply to LiU in its entirety)

The university is a government agency whose operations are regulated by legislation and ordinances, which include the Higher Education Act and the Higher Education Ordinance. In addition to legislation and ordinances, operations are subject to several policy documents. The Linköping University rule book collects currently valid decisions of a regulatory nature taken by the university board, the vice-chancellor and faculty/department boards.

LiU’s rule book for education at first-cycle and second-cycle levels is available at http://styrdokument.liu.se/Regelsamling/Innehall/Utbildning_pa_grund-_och_avancerad_niva

Books

Prince, J.L., Links, J.M., (2008) Medical Imaging: Signals and Systems (Prince, J.L. and Links, J.M.; 2006) [Book Review]

Articles

Compendia

Maria Magnusson, Grundläggande 1D och 2D signalbehandling för Bilder

(in Swedish)

Other

Diverse material

*) Lecture slides.

*) Lesson material.

*) Laboratory exercise material.

*) Formula collection.

*) Short extract from the PhD-thesis by Maria Magnusson.

*) Short extract from the PhD-thesis by Henrik Turbells.

*) Parts from the Master Thesis by Oscar Grandell.

*) Short on Poisson noise by Theo Fuchs.

*) Parts from the TBMI02 Compendium: "MRI, fMRI, Image Registration, Image Segmentation".

All material above are in pdf-format and are available from the course home page.

Note: The course matrix might contain more information in Swedish.

I = Introduce, U = Teach, A = Utilize
I U A Modules Comment
1. DISCIPLINARY KNOWLEDGE AND REASONING
1.1 Knowledge of underlying mathematics and science (G1X level)
X
TEN1
1D and multidimensional analysis. Linear algebra. Transform theory.
1.2 Fundamental engineering knowledge (G1X level)
X
X
LAB1
TEN1
Signal processing. Image processing. Programming. Physics related to medical images. Imaging.
1.3 Further knowledge, methods, and tools in one or several subjects in engineering or natural science (G2X level)
X
X
LAB1
TEN1
Signal processing. Image processing. Imaging. CT, MRI, SPECT, PET, Ultrasound.
1.4 Advanced knowledge, methods, and tools in one or several subjects in engineering or natural sciences (A1X level)

                            
1.5 Insight into current research and development work
X
Guest Lecture. Views on lectures.
2. PERSONAL AND PROFESSIONAL SKILLS AND ATTRIBUTES
2.1 Analytical reasoning and problem solving
X
X
LAB1
TEN1
Problem identification and formulation, modeling.
2.2 Experimentation, investigation, and knowledge discovery
X
X
LAB1
Experimental methodology
2.3 System thinking

                            
2.4 Attitudes, thought, and learning
X
X
LAB1
Creative and critical thinking
2.5 Ethics, equity, and other responsibilities

                            
3. INTERPERSONAL SKILLS: TEAMWORK AND COMMUNICATION
3.1 Teamwork
X
LAB1
Computer labs in 2-group
3.2 Communications

                            
3.3 Communication in foreign languages
X
Read English
4. CONCEIVING, DESIGNING, IMPLEMENTING AND OPERATING SYSTEMS IN THE ENTERPRISE, SOCIETAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONTEXT
4.1 External, societal, and environmental context

                            
4.2 Enterprise and business context

                            
4.3 Conceiving, system engineering and management
X
X
X
LAB1
To specify systems and modeling systems
4.4 Designing
X
X
X
LAB1
Use of knowledge in construction
4.5 Implementing
X
X
X
LAB1
Implementation of software, testing, verification
4.6 Operating

                            
5. PLANNING, EXECUTION AND PRESENTATION OF RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS WITH RESPECT TO SCIENTIFIC AND SOCIETAL NEEDS AND REQUIREMENTS
5.1 Societal conditions, including economic, social, and ecological aspects of sustainable development for knowledge development

                            
5.2 Economic conditions for knowledge development

                            
5.3 Identification of needs, structuring and planning of research or development projects

                            
5.4 Execution of research or development projects

                            
5.5 Presentation and evaluation of research or development projects

                            

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